x::fd
references provide three methods that associate an
std stream object with the file descriptor:
getistream(), getostream(), and getiostream().
They return an
x::istream,
x::ostream,
x::iostream references, accordingly.
These references point to an object that's derived from its
namesake in the std namespace, and
x::obj.
There are no equivalent for wide-character streams.
Note that because
x::istream,
x::ostream and
x::iostream are references, use
the * operator where the context calls for a
std stream:
#include <x/fd.H> x::fd outputFile(x::fd::create("outputfile.dat")); x::ostream outputFileStream(outputFile->getostream()); (*outputFileStream) << std::setw(10) << "Title" << std::endl << std::flush;
Output stream objects require more explicit flushing than their
std counterparts. They maintain an internal stream
buffer object. Since it's a reference-counted object,
it gets destroyed automatically
when the last reference to the underlying object goes out of scope.
Anything that was still buffered by the underlying stream buffer object
gets lost, and not flushed to the underlying file descriptor.
By default, these stream buffers are initialized by default with
exceptions() set to std::ios::badbit, so that
exceptions thrown from the underlying file descriptor objects get
propagated by std::{i|i|io}stream.